"Discovery Five Hundred" Newsletter of the International Columbian Quincentenary Alliance Volume III, Number 2, June 1988 COLUMBUS - U.S.A Depending on whose statistics you use, there are 21 States in the U.S.A. with a city or town named Columbus. One researcher has counted all the cities, towns, municipalities and counties in the U.S. named after Columbus, whether actually called Columbus or its feminine derivative, Columbia and has come up with a total of 67 such locales. No matter what the tally, you can count on the fact that all of these Columbuses will be important focal points of celebrations in 1992. The I.C.Q.A., with headquarters in Columbus, New Jersey, has begun plans for a communications link between the many Columbuses in 1992. For years, Columbus, Ohio, the largest city named after the explorer, has linked the municipalities around the country which bear the name of Columbus through its annual "Miss Columbus" competition. We anticipate that this event will take on greater meaning as 1992 approaches. "Discovery Five Hundred", beginning with this issue, will carry a feature on the activities of the many Columbus towns in the U.S.A. in each of its issues. COLUMBUS, OHIO Five hundred years after Christopher Columbus brought the Old World to the New, the city of Columbus will bring the two together again to celebrate the Quincentennial Anniversary of the discovery of America. The national U.S. Quincentenary Jubilee Commission has endorsed projects which will showcase Ohio's capital. "People from all over the world are going to see that the city of Colum- bus has the same spirit of discovery that Christopher Columbus had," said Mayor Dana G. Rinehart. "I think those old world travelers would be pleased with the progress made by their 20th century namesake." Among the top five celebration proposals cited by the Quincentenary Jubilee Commission is Columbus, Ohio's AmeriFlora, a $50 million international flower and garden show scheduled to open in April 1992 and continue through Columbus Day. AmeriFlora will grace 160 acres of land on three city parks with fountains and floral and garden displays, as well as scientific and techni- cal exhibits. In addition, AmeriFlora '92 recently gained stature as a world-class flower and garden exhibition with sanctioning by the Association of International Horticulture producers of a 14-day indoor show to be held April 3-17, 1992. Their endorsement for what will be the first internationally sanctioned floral and garden show ever held in the U.S. will help AmeriFlora attract elaborate exhibits of the best flowers and plants grown all over the world. The 2.5-acre display will transform the Ohio Center, in the heart of downtown Columbus, into a lush garden of water- courses, flowers, trees and sub-tropical plants. More than 3 million visitors are expected to view the exhibition which John Peterson, executive director of AmeriFlora '92, predicts will be "the most magnificent garden spot in the Western Hemisphere, if not the world." Other Columbus, Ohio activities planned for the 1992 cele- bration include: > A visit to the Columbus Zoo by two giant pandas from China and a $66 million expansion of the zoo; > A bustling slate of riverfront concerts, special events and other attractions; > An $8 million refurbishing of the grounds around the state capitol; > Completion of a $400 million downtown mixed-use complex; > Several major international art exchanges will take place in Columbus, Ohio, which is one of the cities favored by the Smithsonian Institute for special trav- eling exhibits; > Research is in progress to build a full scale replica of the Santa Maria so visitors can experience how it must have been to sail into uncharted waters 500 years ago. The replica will be placed in the Scioto River and will serve as a focus for the 1992 celebration. The city of Columbus, Ohio is taking advantage of a great deal of positive attention it has garnered during the past several years. It is the only city in the region to have enjoyed consistent growth in size, population, and economy since 1970. Columbus is easy to reach--within 550 miles of two-thirds of the nation's population, ninety minutes by air from 85% of America's families, and just a half-day by car. It is served by 17 air- lines, a complete interstate system converging downtown, a well- established rapid transit system, as well as water and rail access for freight. Columbus boasts of being one of the most accessible cities anywhere. It has over 12,000 hotel/motel rooms already in operation, with more to come by 1992. In April, 1985, Columbus City Council passed an ordinance which established the Christopher Columbus Quincentennial Jubilee Commission, dedicated to the planning of the 1992 celebration there. The commission is composed of nine citizens of the City or Franklin County, appointed by the Mayor. Mr. John F. Wolfe, President, Publisher and CEO of "The Columbus Dispatch" is the Chairman of the commission. In addition, the commission has hired an Executive Director, Mrs. Marjory M. Pizzuti and a Project Director, Mr. Christopher A. Weber. The I.C.Q.A. has established a working relationship with the commission. On March 23, 1988, Joseph Laufer of the I.C.Q.A. met with Project Director Christopher Weber to discuss cooperative activities. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 1992 COMMEMORATIONS In addition to the initiatives being coordinated by the City Quincentenary Jubilee Commission, The Ohio State University, through its Columbian Quincentenary Committee, has been organizing faculty and student involvement in Quincentenary projects which emphasize the international, reciprocal ties that demonstrate the interdependence of all peoples of the globe over the last 500 years. Celebration, exchange, and reciprocity are the hallmarks of these projects. Most of the projects are symbolically linked to institutions in places associated with the life and achievements of Columbus, but many of them are more broadly designed to highlight the complex cultural encounters the voyage of 1492 initiated. The purpose of all the planning at Ohio State is to expand the horizons of their students, their faculty, and the general public and to imbue the teaching, research, and service missions of the University with a stronger international awareness. Projects have been planned with Italy, Spain, the Dominican Repub- lic/Bahamas and within the U.S. With Italy, there will be student and faculty exchanges with the University of Genoa, exchanges of art exhibits and the creation of a 4-sided Quincentenary committee coordinating joint ventures between the cities of Columbus and Genoa and Ohio State and the University of Genoa. With Spain, there will be the establishment of an endowed Chair of Spanish Studies, the inauguration of cultural exchange programs, and the collaboration between Ohio State and the University of Seville medical facilities and between Ohio State and the Ortega y Gasset Foundation in Toledo. With the Dominican Republic/Bahamas, there will be an expansion of the existing affiliation agreement between Ohio State and Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Urena, co-sponsor- ship with UNPHU and the national quincentenary commission of the Dominican Republic of two international conferences on historical and contemporary relations among Europe-Latin America-United States; support for the restoration in the historic zone of Santo Domingo (the first European city in the Americas), and involve- ment of Ohio State faculty and students in research at the Bahamian Field Station on San Salvador. Within the U.S.A., there are a score of projects planned, including support of a UCLA project to publish English transla- tions of key Columbus documents, sponsorship of a number of conferences and symposia on subjects related to the themes of the Quincentenary, co-sponsorship with the Columbus Public Schools and a Columbus-based textbook company of an 8th grade supplemen- tary text on Christopher Columbus to be used nationwide, co- sponsorship of the Organization of American States' bilingual Quincentenary newsletter, co-publication with Newberry Library of map evidence concerning the site of Columbus' landfall; sponsor- ship of an international conference on the Black African experi- ence in the Americas, and a host of other activities. The Ohio State University Quincentenary projects are being coordinated by the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Dr. Christian K. Zacher is the Director of the Center for Medi- eval and Renaissance Studies and the coordinator of most of the Quincentenary activities emanating from that office. Mrs. Gail Summerhill is the 1992 Program Assistant and the correspondent with whom the I.C.Q.A. is in regular contact. On March 23, 1988 we had the pleasure of meeting with Mrs. Summerhill and visiting the headquarters of the Ohio State 1992 offices. GENOA, ITALY PREPARES FOR 1992 (Condensed from "Encounter '92", January 1988, The Newsletter of the Quincentennial of the Landfall of Christopher Columbus in the Bahamas in 1492.) For Genoa, 1992 is an important occasion to celebrate the most famous Genovese in the world: Christopher Columbus. Situat- ed in the Italian region of Liguria, Genoa is the largest port in the Mediterranean with over 700,000 inhabitants. Many resources of Genoa and Liguria are being directed towards the restoration of the old city center, including Columbus' home. The climax will come in the spring and summer of 1992 with Expo Genova 92, an international exhibition with a nautical theme which the Bureau International Des Expositions in Paris allocated to Genoa. The exhibition will cover 83 acres in a large unused area of the old port which after 1992 will become a service and commer- cial center for the city. The overall plan is the work of the well known architect Renzo Piano to whom the Municipal Council of Genoa entrusted the project. In March of 1987 a private consor- tium was set up to provide private funds for Expo Genova 92. The support of some of Italy's largest companies, such as Fiat, American Express of Italy, Italian Rail, Olivetti, and Banco Nazionale del Lavoro, reflects how Italy's private industry considers 1992 of national and international importance. During the initial stages of planning Expo Genova, there were reservations and concerns about competition and upstaging from Expo Sevilla 92, the universal exhibition to take place in Spain from April to October, 1992. After a number of meetings between the respective Italian and Spanish organizers agreement was reached last September for cooperation in numerous areas including that Spain will have a pavilion at Expo Genova 92 and Italy will have one at Expo Sevilla 92. At the national level the Italian National Committee, decreed by law in 1982, is headed by Prime Minister Goria and the Minister of Cultural Affairs. The central part of this body is the scientific committee of which Senator Paolo Emilio Taviani from Genoa is Chairman. He is a strong proponent of the present San Salvador as Columbus' first landfall and is the only European listed on the plaque at the foot of the cross at Long Bay on San Salvador, as one of those who has contributed to the spread of the island's history. Among other Italian personalities on the scientific commit- tee is film director Federico Fellini. Last July a group of Ligurian deputies presented the Italian Parliament with a bill for financing of 225 billion lire (approximately 190 million U.S. dollars) to fund the Columbian Celebrations during the period of 1989 to 1992. Genoa also views 1992 as a celebration of Americans of Italian origin as millions of Italians who went to the United States departed from the port of Genoa. During December the U.S. Quincentenary Commission, led by chairman John Goudie, traveled to Italy to meet with Italian authorities including Italian President Cossiga, to compare plans for 1992 involving the U.S. and Italy. The President of the Ligurian Regional Government, Rinaldo Magnani is Italy's representative on the U.S. Commission. One of the Ligurian Region's initiatives in cooperation with the city of Genoa, as announced by the Region's Vice-President Ernesto Valenziano, is the film festival "Italians in Hollywood", sched- uled to commence this summer, which will highlight the many contributions actors and directors of Italian origin have made to American cinematography. In this regard Liza Minelli traveled to Genoa last October 12th to give a concert as part of Genoa's 1987 Columbus Day festivities. The most visible promoter for 1992 in the Italian private sector has been the company Columbus 92 by the Perrone family, owners of one of Italy's leading newspapers, "Il Secola XIX". The company publishes since 1985 the monthly magazine "Columbus '92" with up-to-date information on 1992 preparations and arti- cles written by well known academics on the topics of the Colum- bian period. An interesting feature of each issue is the section highlighting the different statues of Columbus in the new world. The editor, Mario Botaro, has written a book reviewing in much detail and photographs Genoa's Columbian Celebrations of 1892. AN INTERVIEW WITH STEPHEN MARLOWE by Joseph M. Laufer In the March, 1988 issue of "Discovery Five Hundred" (Vol. III, No. 1-pages 4 and 5) we reviewed "The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus" by Stephen Marlowe, a novel about the life and times of Christopher Columbus--a retrospective by an eternal Columbus who looks back on his life and on how historians have interpreted his life over the past 500 years. The book is a bit controversial, especially when reviewed by historians--and most especially from the viewpoint of Columbusphiles. As an editor and publisher, and one who reviews books, it is always a pleasure to go directly to the source--to the author--for insights into his or her work. We were able to obtain Stephen Marlowe's address and decided to invite him to respond to a number of questions for our Newsletter. Mr. Marlowe graciously responded from Spain. Before looking at Mr. Marlowe's direct responses, it might be helpful to understand my motivation in writing to him. Having personally read most of the biographies of Christopher Columbus over the past several years and being somewhat up on the litera- ture of Columbus, as I was reading Marlowe's work, I couldn't help but wonder how individuals who had not been familiar with this material would understand and appreciate it. On several occasions while reading the work, I reflected on how cleverly the author had taken many obscure historical vignettes in the life of Columbus and expanded them into interesting subplots. It was evident that the author was well acquainted with the period and with the "institutions" which affected the lives of the people (such as the Church, the Inquisition, the government and com- merce). But would the person who had only an obscure understand- ing of Christopher Columbus get as much enjoyment out of the novel as I did? I'm afraid that the answer is an emphatic no! In fact, I read several reviews by individuals who knew little about Columbus and who couldn't have appreciated what Marlowe had done. I wondered, then, was Marlowe a Columbus expert or a student of the literature of Columbus--because I saw so many of the little-known facts about the great discoverer used as jumping-off points for Marlowe's genius. I wanted to know how much time Marlowe spent in the Archives of the Indies, how much time he spent interviewing Columbus scholars, etc. I was quite surprised when I learned the answers--as you will see in what follows. Here are the sections of Mr. Marlowe's letter which respond to my questions: "I was delighted to learn that you enjoyed "The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus", and hope that my answers to your questions will be helpful. But I have my doubts: a novelist thinks in terms so different from, say, those of a historian, that I'm not at all sure the answers will seem of any use. But I'll try. "How long did it take you to write the book? All my life-- or two years. Or perhaps all the time I've lived in Spain, which is, in numerous long sojourns, about a third of the past two decades. I'm an American who lives most of the time in Europe and much of the time here in Andalucia. I've crossed the Atlan- tic more than thirty times by sea, and I think that there's a dramatic collision-of-worlds aspect to any first meeting between cultures. At university I majored in philosophy, with a special interest in philosophy of history. For years I've read every- thing I could find on the early Spanish experience in America. In short, I seem, in retrospect, the one novelist uniquely prepared to write Columbus's autobiography for him. And yet, the notion to write the novel came suddenly, and what specific research I did I did in the two years it took to write the book. I think this also answers Over how many years did you conduct research on Columbus? "Which authors did you primarily rely on for your informa- tion about Columbus? Samuel Eliot Morison and Salvador de Madariaga. "How long have you lived in Spain? See first answer. "Have you ever visited . . . the . . . Columbus-related islands? Yes. Particularly Haiti and Jamaica; but that was before I knew I would write the book. "Did you . . . research in the Archives of the Indies? No; "The Memoirs" would not have profited from such deep penetration into primary sources; I'm a novelist, not a historian. Indeed, the insights of historians are of great value to writers of historical novels. "Did you consult . . . with any . . . Columbus scholars? No. "The Memoirs" is, of course, not intended for scholars (ex- cept, possibly, as a diversion), and my sometimes-tongue-in-cheek iconoclasm might offend some. "Finally, I'm very pleased to say that "The Memoirs of Christopher Columbus" has, for whatever reason--possibly in anticipation of the quincentenary--struck a resounding chord in the publishing world. By early 1989, translation into at least fourteen languages and publication in at least seventeen coun- tries will have been achieved. The American, English, French, Italian, Dutch and Spanish editions appeared in 1987; many others will appear during the next twelve months. I've been asked to speak as an expert on the subject--alas, I am only an expert on 'my' Columbus--in Paris, New York and elsewhere. I stand a bit in awe of my own creation. But, to the extent that I have succeeded in fleshing out a new Columbus for the late 20th century reader, I feel very gratified. With all good wishes. Sincerely, Stephen Marlowe." 21 February 1988 Mr. Marlowe's words need little comment. The fact that he learned so much about Columbus from Morison and de Madariaga is a tribute to these historians. The rest is a tribute to his own genius as a novelist. His candid acknowledgement that the Columbus of his novel is indeed his Columbus should temper the rhetoric of his critics! Cristoforo Colombo and Cristobal Colon: One and the Same or Two Different Persons?: A Challenge to Historical Tradition! W.R. Anderson, Chicago-based president and founder of the Leif Ericson Society, has been corresponding with the I.C.Q.A. for over a year. He has challenged our perpetuation of the traditional portrayal of the man history calls Christopher Columbus. Instead, he proposes a "two Columbus" theory (he doesn't consider it a theory--but a proven fact!). Basically, he contends that since 1494 the world has known that there were two men: Cristoforo Colombo, a weaver of Genoa, Italy and Cristobal Colon, son of Prince Carlos and Margarita Colon, of a prominent Jewish family of Majorca. Anderson cites authorities such as Simon Wiesenthal, the author Frederick J. Pohl and a Brother Nectario Maria, a Venezuelan who worked in Madrid, as having documented the "two Columbus" theory. In accordance with our editorial policy, we would like to present Anderson's case here. If anyone would like to explore the documentation further, they can write to the Leif Ericson Society, P.O. Box 301, Chicago, IL 60690-0301. We have thoroughly researched Wiesenthal's "The Sails of Hope", and Pohl's "The New Columbus". Rather than reconstruct the material from these works, we have decided to publish the complete text of Anderson's article. Anderson has little toler- ance for the traditional historical interpretation of Columbus-- and this is reflected in the tone of his article. The article is accompanied by footnoted references. Pohl's work, "The New Columbus" is available from the publications division of the I.C.Q.A. for $16.95. Viking "Columbus", King of Spain Viking? A descendent--King? He should have been. By W.R. Anderson "His name is one of the best known in history. Yet he is one of history's most controversial and shadowy figures, with mystery surrounding his birth, his character, his career, and his achievement," says famed researcher Simon Wiesenthal (Wiesenthal, "Sails of Hope", p. 93). One fact is obvious: "Columbus" was not Cristoforo Colombo of Genoa (in Italian "Genova"). "The Univer- sal Jewish Encyclopedia" (Volume 3, p. 306) says, "Local Genoese records referring to the Colombo family are assumed to be identi- cal with the family of the later Spanish admiral." (Emphasis supplied.) That assumption will be shown to be false. Morison found records of Colombo in Italy from 1470-79. He was a weaver, later buyer of wool and sugar, with no sailing experience (Morison, "Admiral of the Ocean Sea", p. 7 et seq.). Meanwhile, "Columbus" was in the crew of pirate Rene d'Anjou (1472-73), on the Greek island of Chios (1473-74), in a sea battle under Casenove-Coullon against Genoa (1476), sailed to England, Ireland, and Iceland (1477), got married in Portugal to Felipa Moniz Perestrello (1478), lived with his brother-in-law on Porto Santo in the Madeiras (1478-83). It is believed that Colombo died in 1480. Who was "Columbus"? He was, of course, Cristobal Colon. That is invariably shown as the Spanish version of "Colombo"-- actually he was an entirely different person. Evidence is mounting that he was a son of Prince Carlos (Charles IV) of Viana and Margarita Colon of a prominent Jewish family in Felantix, Majorca, born in mid-June 1460. The village is near Genova, now a district of the capital city of Palma (Nectario Maria, "Cristobal Colon Era Espanol y Judio", p. 3 et seq.). Carlos was the elder son of King John II of Aragon, whose grandfather had been John I (Martorell, "Cristobal Colon, La revelacion del enigma"). Carlos was the heir to the throne of Aragon, but had died mysteriously in 1461. So the throne of Aragon went to Carlos's half-brother Ferdinand instead of Cristobal. Records recently disclosed in Norway show several monarchs and others prominent in Spain actually being descended from Norwegians of Gudbrandsdal. Among them was John I of Aragon ("Scandinavian Roots", Vol. 1, #4). So, then, was his great- great-grandson Cristobal, known to have been tall, with red hair and freckles. Did Colon and Colombo meet? Almost certainly, several times. In fact, Pohl says they were friends! (Pohl, "The New Columbus") Italian records indicate that Colombo made trips to Portugal to buy wool, and to the Madeiras to buy sugar in 1479, when Colon was living with his brother-in-law, who was governor of the island of Porto Santo and the man to whom a buyer would report. What were Colon's accomplishments? He was "nothing but a good public relations man." (Tornoe, "Columbus in the Arctic", p. 78) His ships Nina and Pinta, and crews of all three ships, had been acquired by Martin Alonso Pinzon (Morison, p. 136). He had the ship's papers of Alonso Sanchez de Huelva, who had been to the West Indies in 1481, and whose first-mate had been the same Martin Alonso Pinzon! (Nectario, p. 16) He had maps of Viking voyages centuries earlier (Enterline, "Viking America" and Chapman, "The Norse Discovery of America"). But he thought he had reached islands off the coast of Asia, then known as "India." Which is why our downtrodden brethren are called "Indians." This blasts the myth of "Italian Columbus sailing bravely out into the unknown sea to discover America, in the Santa Maria." The ship was probably the Mariagalante, not the Santa Maria. In the biography of his famed father, son Fernando (whose mother may have been Queen Isabel, not family friend Beatriz (Pohl, "The New Columbus")) apparently mistakenly assumed that the flagship had been the Santa Maria, which was used in the third voyage, had been the flagship in the first. And so the whole episode earns an historical niche, right next to the one for Santa Claus. (This article is Copyright 1988 by W.R. Anderson; reprinted with permission) COUNTER QUINCENTENNIAL There are a number of indications of efforts to undermine the international celebration of the Quincentennial. Reports in the European press indicate that the Soviets are concerned that the 1992 celebration may provide Western democracies with much positive press worldwide. Leftist organizations and sympathizers throughout Europe and the Americas are being urged to mount an intensive campaign, via intellectual circles and the media, to discredit the '92 plans. This may give Cuba some problems, especially since it is committed to participation in the Quincentenary. It is reported that an organization in Milan, Italy, is coordinating international efforts against the Quincentenary, focusing on the negative aspects resulting from the arrival of Europeans in the New World, primarily the genocide of the native Indians. Short Takes Ports Set for Tall Ships Race According to Soundings (May, 1988) the International Race Committee of the Sail Training Association has agreed on the ports and itinerary for the Grand Regatta Columbus '92--the next international Tall Ships race. Genoa or Lisbon will be the mid- April rendezvous ports for European training ships, which will then join American and Spanish ships at Cadiz on April 29. The first leg of the race will be via the Canaries to San Juan, puerto Rico, then on to New York for a July 4th parade of sail. They will then head to Boston for the final leg to Liverpool. It is expected that the ships will be in Puerto Rico from June 10 through the 14, where their arrival will be feted in a series of social, cultural and sporting events. Bahamas Quincentennial Commission Several developments in the Bahamas are indicative of the quickened pace of activities in that region in preparation for the Quincentennial. Philip M. Smith, M.P. and Chairman of the Bahamas Commission for the Celebration of the Discovery of the New World has announced some of the themes and activities which will give direction to the celebration. "The Bahamas Quincentennial Commission will strive by its activities to explore our past, appreciate where we are today and, hopefully, set some achievable goals in the future." It was announced that Dr. Davidson Hepburn, Ambassador of the Bahamas to the United Nations, has been appointed the Commission's Executive Secretary. He is also the Bahamas' Ambassador to both Cuba and Haiti. Some of the activities planned by the Bahamas are: > An International Christian Service of Thanksgiving on October 12, 1992. > International regattas. > The development of a landfall park on San Salvador. > A Peace Study Center. > The development of a museum and library. > The issuance of commemorative stamps and coins. In addition, Mr. James Moultrie, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs extended an invitation to the Organization of American States (OAS) General Assembly to meet in the Bahamas in 1992. If the invitation is accepted, more than 200 delegates from 37 member countries would meet in San Salva- dor. The last time the OAS met in the Bahamas was in 1965 on San Salvador, when they recognized this island as the foremost historical site in the western hemisphere. Another 1992 Anniversary In earlier issues of Discovery Five Hundred we reported that 1992 is also the centenary of the creation of the picture post- card (associated originally with the Columbian Exposition in Chicago) and also of the adoption of the U.S. "Pledge of Alle- giance to the Flag" (created in 1892 to celebrate the 4th Cente- nary of Discovery). We now learn that 1992 will be the 200th Anniversary of the earliest (1792) circus to perform in the United States. Add to these anniversaries the fact that 1992 has also been designated as the International Space Year and the year of the Olympics (in Barcelona, Spain), and we have the ingredi- ents for one of the greatest commemorations in history. Columbus Slides The I.C.Q.A. has been expanding its audio-visual resources for teachers and the media. In addition to The Basic Christopher Columbus Slide Set--a set of 30 slides with written commentary on each slide which covers the life and times of Columbus and previews the quincentenary--the I.C.Q.A has collected over 120 individual 35mm slides in a variety of categories. Topics covered are Columbus Portraits (8 slides), Pre-1492 Preparation Period (10 slides), The Ships (10 slides), The Departure and Sea Voyage (6 slides), The Landfall (7 slides), Post-Discovery Period (5 slides), Medallions-Memorials-Monuments (20 slides), Maps (14 slides), Chicago Columbian Exposition-1893 (12 slides), and a Miscellaneous category consisting of 30 slides. Special atten- tion has recently been given to expanding the "Monuments and Memorials" category. We have collected slide photographs of the statues and monuments to Columbus in Genoa, Madrid, Huelva, Santo Domingo, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Washington, DC, New York, Philadel- phia, Columbus (Ohio), and Columbus (Wisconsin). We wish to include slides of every possible statue of Columbus, and welcome photographs or slides from various parts of the world to add to our collection. Anyone wishing a complete listing and descrip- tion of each of the 120+ slides in our collection should send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to the I.C.Q.A., Box 1492, Columbus, NJ 08022. The list is free. The individual slides are available for $1.00 each.