James Axtell is Kenan Professor of Humanities at the College of William and Mary and former chairman of the American Historical Association's Columbus Quincentenary Committee.
Part 5, Footnotes 101-125[After viewing footnotes, click the "back" button to return to the text.]
101 (Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1994). Mignolo's chapter on "Signs and Their Transmission: The Question of the Book in the New World" is particularly relevant.
102 Mignolo, "On the Colonization of Amerindian Languages and Memories: Renaissance Theories of Writing and the Discontinuity of the Classical Tradition," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34 (1992), 301-30, quotation on 310. See also Mignolo, "Literacy and Colonization: The New World Experience," in René Jara and Nicholas Spadaccini, eds., 1492-1992: Re/Discovering Colonial Writing, Hispanic Issues, 4 (1989), 51-96; Mignolo, "Nebrija in the New World: The Question of the Letter, the Colonization of Amerindian Languages, and the Discontinuity of the Classical Tradition," L'Homme, 32, Nos. 122-124 (1992), 185-207; Mignolo, "When Speaking Was Not Good Enough: Illiterates, Barbarians, Savages, and Cannibals," in Jara and Spadaccini, eds., Amerindian Images and the Legacy of Columbus, Hispanic Issues, 9 (1992), 312-45; Mignolo, "Literacy and the Colonization of Memory: Writing Histories of People without History," in Deborah Keller-Cohen, ed., Literacy: Interdisciplinary Conversations (Creskill, N. J.: Ablex, 1994), 91-114; Mignolo, The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).
103 (Philadelphia: Associated Antiquaries, 1989), 1. (Providence: John Carter Brown Library, 1992 [1994]). (Dallas: DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University, 1992). Twayne's World Authors Series, 847 (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994).
104 Trans. Lydia Longstreth Hunt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992). The book was originally published in Spanish in 1983 and revised in 1988.
105 Oklahoma Project for Discourse and Theory, 11 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), 3, 8, 9, 21.
106 (London and New York: Routledge, 1990).
107 Ed. Francisco Javier Cevallos-Candau, Jeffrey A. Cole, Nina M. Scott, and Nicomedes Suárez-Araúz (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994). For Harley's challenging work see Axtell, "Columbian Encounters: Beyond 1992," 341-42.
108 Greenblatt, New World Encounters, viii, xvi.
109 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993). Hispanic Issues, 9 (1992). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). The book resulted from a conference at the University of Minnesota in October 1990.
110 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 14, 187, 188.
111 With April Shelford and Nancy Siraisi (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992); Elliott, The Old World and the New, 1492-1650, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970); Elliott, "Renaissance Europe and America: A Blunted Impact?" in Fredi Chiappelli, ed., First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old, 2 vols. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), I, 11-23; Michael T. Ryan, "Assimilating New Worlds in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23 (1981), 519-38. See also G. V. Scammell, "The New Worlds and Europe in the Sixteenth Century," The Historical Journal, 12 (1969), 389-412. Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts, 6, 10.
112 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1995), 5, 393, 401.
113 See, for example, Ray Gonzalez, ed., Without Discovery: A Native Response to Columbus (Seattle: Broken Moon Press, 1992); Thomas Christensen and Carol Christensen, eds., The Discovery of America and Other Myths: A New World Reader (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1992); Renny Golden, Michael McConnell, Peggy Mueller, Cinny Poppen, and Marilyn Turkovich, Dangerous Memories: Invasion and Resistance Since 1492 (Chicago: Chicago Religious Task Force on Central America, 1991); and Deborah Small with Maggie Jaffe, 1492: What It Is Like to Be Discovered? (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1991).
114 (Jefferson, N. C.: McFarland, 1992); NIQ, 7, No. 3 (1990). AICRJ, 17, No. 3 (1993). See also the special issue on "International Year of Indigenous Peoples: Discovery and Human Rights," ibid., No. 1. (Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, UCLA, 1994). On a wider global context see J. M. Blaut, 1492: The Debate on Colonialism, Eurocentrism, and History (Trenton, N. J.: Africa World Press, 1992), and Merryl Wyn Davies, Ashis Nandy, and Ziauddin Sardar, Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London and Boulder, Colo.: Pluto Press, 1993).
115 Fernández-Armesto, "In Defense of Columbus: The Trouble with Eden," Economist, 321 (Dec. 21, 1991-Jan. 3, 1992), 73-77; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "Was America a Mistake?" Atlantic, 170 (Sept. 1992), 16ff.; Mario Vargas Llosa, "Questions of Conquest: What Columbus Wrought, and What He Did Not," Harper's, 281 (Dec. 1990), 45-53; Karl W. Butzer, "Judgement or Understanding? Reflections on 1492," Queen's Quarterly, 99 (1992), 581-600; Wilcomb E. Washburn, "Columbus: Agent of the Inevitable?," Continuity: A Journal of History, No. 16 (1992), 57-64.
116 (Washington, D. C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1992); (Herndon, Va.: Young America's Foundation, 1992).
117 Donald A. Grinde, Jr., "Teaching American Indian History: A Native American Voice," Perspectives, 32, No. 6 (1994), 1, 11-16, esp. 15; "Letters" from James Axtell and Grinde, ibid., 32, No. 9 (1994), 31-33.
118 (Chicago: Newberry Library, 1992). Another major Newberry project, America in 1492: The World of the Indian Peoples Before the Arrival of Columbus, ed. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., was also published in 1992 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf). (New York: Americas Society, 1992).
119 (Providence: John Carter Brown Library, 1991), ix. Ed. Rachel Doggett with Monique Hulvey and Julie Ainsworth (Washington, D. C.: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1992).
120 (Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1992). (Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1992).
121 Filibrary No. 4 (Stony Brook, N. Y.: Forum Italicum, 1993).
122 Ed. Timothy J. O'Keefe (Los Gatos, Calif.: Forbes Mill Press, 1994). Ed. Vera Lawrence Hyatt and Rex Nettleford (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995). A. J. R. Russell-Wood's chapter "Portugal's African Prelude to the Middle Passage and Contribution to Discourse on Race and Slavery" is on target in every way.
123 (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994). Proceedings of the British Academy, 81 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
124 Ida Altman and Reginald D. Butler, "The Contact of Cultures: Perspectives on the Quincentenary," American Historical Review, 99 (1994), 478-503, quotation on 478.
125 Axtell, "Columbian Encounters: Beyond 1992," 336.